ORIGIN: Mesopotamian (Babylonian-Akkadian)
TYPE: Tutelary God
OTHER NAMES: Belu Rabu, Ashur, Ab Ilani, Sadu Rabu, Asur, Ashshur
PLANET: Sun
SYMBOL: Winged Sun
TREE: Tree of Life
INFORMATION: The national deity of Assyria. In the Assyrian copies of the creation epic Enuma Elis he replaces Marduk as the hero.
Ashur, Ashshur, also spelled Ašur, Aššur (Sumerian: AN.ŠAR2, Aš-šur, also phonetically da-šur4) is a god of the ancient Assyrians and Akkadians, and the head of the Assyrian pantheon in Mesopotamian religion, who was worshipped mainly in northern Mesopotamia, and parts of north-east Syria and south-east Asia Minor which constituted old Assyria. He may have had a solar iconography.
LEGEND:
Aššur was a deified form of the city of Assur, which dates from the mid 3rd millennium BC and was the capital of the Old Assyrian kingdom. As such, Ashur did not originally have a family, but as the cult came under southern Mesopotamian influence, he later came to be regarded as the Assyrian equivalent of Enlil, the chief god of Nippur. Enlil was the most important god of the southern pantheon from the early 3rd millennium BC until Hammurabi founded an empire based in Babylon in the mid-18th century BC, after which Marduk replaced Enlil as the chief god in the south. In the north, Ashur absorbed Enlil's wife Ninlil (as the Assyrian goddess Mullissu) and his sons Ninurta and Zababa—this process began around the 14th century BC and continued down to the 7th century.
During the various periods of Assyrian conquest, such as the Old Assyrian Empire of Shamshi-Adad I (1813–1750 BC), Middle Assyrian Empire (1391–1056 BC) and Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–605 BC), Assyrian imperial propaganda proclaimed the supremacy of Ashur and declared that the conquered peoples had been abandoned by their own gods.
When Assyria conquered Babylon in the Sargonid period (8th–7th centuries BC), Assyrian scribes began to write the name of Ashur with the cuneiform signs AN.ŠAR2, the ideograms for "whole heaven" in Sumerian, simplified into Rassam cylinder Anshar.jpg AN.ŠAR2 in Assyrian cuneiform, which came to be pronounced Aššur in the Assyrian dialect of Akkadian, the language of Assyria and Babylonia. The intention seems to have been to put Aššur at the head of the Babylonian pantheon, where Anshar and his counterpart Kishar ("whole earth") preceded even Enlil and Ninlil. Thus in the Sargonid version of the Enuma Elish, the Babylonian national creation myth, Marduk, the chief god of Babylon, does not appear, and instead it is Ashur, as Anshar, who slays Tiamat the chaos-monster and creates the world of humankind.
REPRESENTATION AND SYMBOLISM:
Ashur was represented as the winged sun disc that appears frequently in Assyrian iconography. Many Assyrian kings had names that included the name Ashur, including, above all, Ashur-uballit I, Ashurnasirpal, Esarhaddon (Ashur-aha-iddina), and Ashurbanipal. Epithets include bêlu rabû "great lord", ab ilâni "father of gods", šadû rabû "great mountain", and il aššurî "god of Ashur". The symbols of Ashur include: